Babbitt (provincial big-talker, like Sinclair Lewis’s character)

Falstaffian (like Shakespeare’s character Sir John Falstaff, fat and boastful)

Faustian (ambitious, willing to make a deal with the devil)

Gargantuan (gigantic, like Rabelais’s character)

Holmesian (keenly perceptive and deductive, like Sherlock H.)

Micawber (a person out of his depth who lives on hope, like the Dickens character)

Milquetoast (an exaggeratedly timid man, like Caspar Milquetoast in the H.T. Webster cartoons)

Pangloss (a foolish optimistic, like the character in Voltaire’s Candide)

Pecksniffian (hypocritically self-righteous, like the Dickens character)

Pickwickian (behaving like Dickens’s Samuel Pickwick)

Quixotic (nobly but foolishly idealistic, like Don Quixote)

Rodomontade (excessive boasting, like that of Rodomonte in the Renaissance classic Orlando Furioso)

I don’t know if you had these in mind, but some words were first used in literature, not as people’s names but as ordinary words. For example, in “Jabberwocky”, in Lewis Carroll’s “Through the Looking Glass”, the words “chortle[d]”, “galumph[ing]”, and “frabjous” were introduced; some people now use them in ordinary conversation. Karel Capek’s play “R.U.R.” introduced the word “robot”. Robert A. Heinlein made up “grok” for “Stranger in a Strange Land”. William Gibson’s book “Neuromancer” contains the new word “cyberspace”. J.K. Rowling’s coinage, “muggle”, is widely recognized. There are lots more.

Rebel without a Cause (one who’s dark and brooding)

Jiggy (first used by Will Smith and is now listed in Webster’s)

Sybil (person who’s schizo)

going ‘postal’