For the most part you can only get certified in a teaching field related to your degree. With a bachelor’s in business or HR, you could probably get certified to teach high school economics or something similar. However, this certification would likely be temporary and would have to be renewed every few years.

For more specific details, I’d have to know what state you live in as each state is different. Find your state’s Department of Education (DOE) webpage and search there for teaching certification requirements.

Yes, you can get a teaching certificate with another Bachelor’s Degree. It is called Alternate Route or something similar. I got my teaching degree the old-fashioned way in New Jersey, and it’s called the Alternate Route there. But I am now teaching in South Carolina, via the reciprocity agreement the two states have (most states have a reciprocity agreement, in which a teacher from one state can become certified in another state without having to go through the program all over again). South Carolina’s alternate route program is called PACE (Palmetto Alternative Certification Education, I think). What it is, to my understanding, is to bring in people from other fields of study to the teaching profession. I am not sure exactly how it works in South Carolina or other states, but in New Jersey it was a summer to summer program in which you took classes in the summer to learn what to do; then taught in an actual classroom for a year by yourself (as in, not student teaching) with a class or classes during the year to monitor your teaching and progress; then you took a couple more classes the following summer to give you some more tips/pointers, to discuss how your year went, what could have been done better/differently, etc. As I said, I didn’t go through the Alternate Route, so I can’t be entirely certain of everything, but that’s the general idea. You can check out your state’s Department of Education website to find out what your state requires. Does that help at all?

Anyone can take teacher certification classes. The classes you would have to take would depend on what you have already taken while getting your Bachelor’s degree, and on what you want to get certified to teach. Check with the education depatment at a nearby college or university for exactly what you will need. There are some exams that you must take as well.

Depends on how much the district is in need of teachers. Usually Inner-city schools are the most willing to help you with this.