I don’t even know that that (‘that that’?:o) many Europeans were Christian when they explored. It seems there were a lot of Vikings, pirates and other ‘pagan’ types roaming around as well as the later Christians. I also doubt that there was such a great majority of people around Europe who were Christian in those early exploration days. Sorry, no source there…just relying on common sense.

As for Arabs…didn’t a lot of Europeans go to Asia themselves to get spices, etc.? Am thinking in particular of the Portuguese, British and others. And in regards to Islam… This part of your ‘question’ leads me to wonder about the emphasis on religion at ALL in regards asking about intelligence. Or emphasizing exploration; ditto.

I don’t know; guess I just have to repeat that. I don’t know…

Even more importantly there are many contributions that each group made and in order to answer your question you should consider all of them.

In addition, why do you use intelligence as the benchmark. a better question IF you want to make a comparison is perhaps which contribute more to civilization.

More importantly why compare at all. Both groups made major contributions. The contributions shod not be looked upon as a contest but how they influenced us today.

You cannot compare intelligence of entire communities