observational study — gathering data by visually studying a certain subject. Perhaps it could be like those guys standing on the highway counting cars.

survey research — develop a set of questions on a subject and provide it to a statistically valid group to gather data that is needed to either prove or disprove something or get a reaction to something, like a product or a TV network–like the forms that are sent out to household to find out what TV is being watched at various times to determine TV ratings–the Niel son ratings.

Research developmental design (R&D) — build or develop a prototype to see if it works.

study: application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or reflection: long hours of study.

survey: to take a general or comprehensive view of or appraise, as a situation, area of study, etc.

research: to search or search for again.

developmental: the act or process of developing; growth; progress

design: to prepare the preliminary sketch or the plans for (a work to be executed), esp. to plan the form and structure of

http://www.dictionary.com has some examples if you need it. :]