April 2 – May 29 Siege and Fall of Constantinople (now Istanbul) to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

July 17 – Battle of Castillon. The French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed.

October 19 – The Hundred Years’ War comes to a close, with the French recapture of Bordeaux leaving the English retaining only Calais on French soil.

Johann Gutenberg invents the movable type printing press.

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The effects of Gutenberg’s printing press were large but not immediate.

I would think your answer lies in the French defeating the English on the continent and kicking them back to their own islands.