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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_verbals.html

The gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting only of one word, the gerund) acts as a noun within the larger sentence.

The parts of a sentence: http://www.dailygrammar.com/091to095.shtml

The subject is the actor in the sentence.

The direct object receives the action performed by the subject.

The predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject.

The object of a preposition follows a preposition (see http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/preposit.html).

right here are no longer gerunds. 5. Frowning 7. Fading 10. Crying at the start, something with an -ing is talked approximately as a latest participle. Secondly, a latest participle may be 3 issues: an element of a verb word, an adjective, or a gerund. an element of a verb word is in many situations latest non-provide up, some thing happening NOW. The birds ARE singing. the girl IS CRYING. An adjective tells with regard to the guy or element. Q: “Which canines do you desire to kill?” A: “The BARKING canines. The CRYING baby. The SQUEALING pig. those say “which one” by utilising describing the element. A gerund is a latest participle performing like a noun. in case you are able to say “i like X-ing” it particularly is a gerund. i like working/ingesting/KISSING. indexed under are 2 gerunds in one sentence. KISSING collectively as working is confusing. observe in those situations, no one is doing the action (working/kissing). we are only speaking approximately it. CHASING those with axes isn’t severe-high quality.