Thompson used protons and electrons in his plum-pudding model. Rutherford used a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons and also had electrons circling the nucleus. In rutherford’s model he explained that there was a center of an atom where as with Thompson he explained that the particles were just floating around in a cloud. I believe that Bohr was the one who came up with the concept of orbits-the levels for electrons orbiting around the nucleus. Forgive me…I am recalling from college chemistry and I haven’t been in a chem class for 4 years,but I hope this helps.

The valence “ring” or maximum outer ring is what bonds interior the bonding of atoms. ONE important rule is that the outer ring would desire to have 8 electrons to be bonded. SO shall we are saying we are desirous to kind a bond between fluoride (has 7 valence electrons) and Hydrogen (a million valence electron) they might create a desirable bond. if we necessary to bond hydrogen and oxygen(6 valence) mutually we’d desire 2 hydrogen for a million oxygen. somewhat take the 8 entire you prefer and subtract between the chemical factors faraway from it to illustrate with the oxygen and hydrogen>> 8 entire necessary-6 in oxygen= 2 necessary .

I’m pretty sure the first part is Protons, Electrons and Neutrons. Not sure about the second. Google it.