A history question for homework, an attempted answer would be much appreciated?
Favorite Answer
France = cooperation,
Holland = trade,
Spain = conquest and conversion,
England = land-grab and what are natives?,
Portugal = trade and conversion.
You should also look at what the financial motives were:
France = fur trade
Holland = Precious metals and other natural goods
Spain = Gold
England = Farming Land
Portugal = Gold
these two aspects combined helped to shape exploration policy by shaping the decision-making processes of the leaders of the respective expeditions. The English, Dutch and French stayed near the coasts, or at least the major rivers, as they were the most practical for their trading purposes. The Spanish and the Portuguese both went far inland looking for mythical treasures and trying to pacify and convert the heathens.
Columbus (actually Italian, but sailed under a Spanish flag; made 4 voyages to West Indies and Caribbean Islands … was looking for a route to China for spices when he ‘found’ the New World), da Gama (first to travel to West Indies around Africa), Magellan (commanded first globe circling voyage), Balboa (led expedition across Panama and found the Pacific Ocean), Cortez (conquered Aztecs in Mexico), De Soto (explored American Southeast; discovered the Mississippi River). And where did these men come from? Spain and Portugal.
So – already you might assume that Spain and Portugal had ‘better’ explorers than England and France. Certainly their names are better known.
England gave us Drake (first Englishman to sail around the world; defeated the Spanish Armada; claimed California for England) and Hudson (explored the areas known today as Hudson Bay, Hudson River, and Hudson Strait).
France gave us the team of Marquette and Joliet (explored Northern Mississippi River).
You would need to know why Europeans explored the New World during the Age of Exploration. Some of the reasons that they explored were:
To find a sea route to the spices of Asia
To find gold, silver, and precious stones
To expand their knowledge of the world
To control a larger empire
To expand Christianity
To find animal furs
There are student-friendly sites that are also interactive, if you’d like to try those instead of the old stand-by Wikipedia : http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/explorers_start.htm
These people went for three reasons, like Pocahontas says…”glory, god, and gold.”
Spain went mostly for God. They were primarily missionaries, but they also cared about gold.
France went for the furs. They were very good to the Indians, not like the English or Spaniards.
And England went for gold and a chance of freedom from religious persecution.
The biggest difference is that France treated the Indians with something like equality. They were trading partners. Spain saw them as people to convert. And to England, they were just in the way.
Portugal, Spain’s smaller yet more economically productive and trade oriented neighbor, lead explorative expiditions into South America, primarily present-day Brazil, and the Atlantic coastline of North America. Enslaving the indigenous natives to work in silver mines in Brazil brought about so much influx of silver bullion that the value of silver dropped below gold. A long time ago, silver use to be worth more than gold because it was more rare, however, after colonialism in the Americas, silver was found to have been more common than gold.
During all of this, England and France was in bitter competition with each other over territorial expansion into Africa, India, and Asia. Noticing the rapid rise to power of Spain and Portugal, both nations saw fit to send explorations out towards the Americas.
In 1583, England began its colonial conquests westward and focused primarily on the Atlantic coastline of North America. The existing Portuguese settlements in N. America were politely told to leave by the bayonets of British infantry. However, by 1582, Spain had gained control of the Portuguese crown which also meant its control over Portuguese territories. Threatened by English, Spain decided it was time to safeguard their American possessions and treasure ships.
In 1588, the Spanish Armada, a conglomerate of 130 Royal Warships and merchant vessals turned warship, was dispatched to the Spanish controlled territory of the Netherlands to escort infantry from Spanish Netherlands into the heart of England. However, tipped off by spies, England did its best to muster up around 55 warships to face off with the Spanish Armada, the most powerful naval presence of the time. Through a series of successive surprise attacks, the English navy fired away at the Spanish ships until they literally ran out of ammunition. During the Armada’s retreat, they encountered a heavy storm, and of the original 130 ships, only about 65 returned to Spain. From that point on, Spain could do nothing but watch as England and France ate up North America.
France, as England’s primary rival, wheeled through present day Canada and headed south into what would later be named the Louisiana Territory. This action would prevent England from continuing expansion westward past the original 13 British Colonies. In addition, this would also lead to French and Indian Wars which would pit England and its Indian Allies against the French and their Indian allies. Ultimately, England would come out the victor.
All the while though, all four nations participated heavily in the Carribean islands where slavery and sugar plantations were the main commodity. A highly lucrative business, the Carribeans became a haven for merchants and pirates alike.
Overall, Spain and Portugal’s colonial attempts were attempts of European’s vs. Natives, which by power of guns and cannons, made it no contest for the natives. Even though the primary goal of Spain and Portuguese colonialism was to exact as much gold and silver bullion from the Americas, France and England were more interested in creating long term territorial exploitations. While it is not to say they weren’t interested in gold and silver themselves, they focused more on trade and plantations than anything else. The main drive of France and England was to amass the greater empire, and that was done primarily through colonial conquests.
From a series of engagements, Spain and Portugal were already non-players in the colonial empire other than being forefronters of the American colonial empire. While the extent to which England and France actually colonized the Americas were greatly less than Spain and Portugal, the amount of colonization that France and England had already done in Africa, India, and Asia outweighed its importance. As mentioned previously, to the exception of the Carribeans, France and England merely competed to create the larger, more powerful empire. Of course, as a result, most of the attention of England and France were focused on a series of wars to maintain their current territories.
- Academic Writing
- Accounting
- Anthropology
- Article
- Blog
- Business
- Career
- Case Study
- Critical Thinking
- Culture
- Dissertation
- Education
- Education Questions
- Essay Tips
- Essay Writing
- Finance
- Free Essay Samples
- Free Essay Templates
- Free Essay Topics
- Health
- History
- Human Resources
- Law
- Literature
- Management
- Marketing
- Nursing
- other
- Politics
- Problem Solving
- Psychology
- Report
- Research Paper
- Review Writing
- Social Issues
- Speech Writing
- Term Paper
- Thesis Writing
- Writing Styles