I.A.2. The feeling of being controlled, like the feeling of being hungry, is a stimulus (motive) the purpose for which is to motivate behavior that is necessary for the survival of our species.

I.A.2.a. Behavior motivated by the feeling of being controlled includes behaviors by which a person leaves his parents and establishes a family of his own.

I.A.3. The feeling of being hungry is experienced physiologically, but the feeling of being controlled is experienced psychologically.

I.B.1. All control is self-control. Without a person’s acquiescence, no behavior on his or her part takes place.

I.B.2. People nevertheless often believe they are controlled, or at least that others are attempting to control them. [A child who fails to believe that his parents are either controlling him or attempting to control him may not be motivated to leave them, assuming that they continue to care for him satisfactorily.]

I.B.3. People who believe they are controlled are, in fact, only blocked or threatened.

I.B.3.a. A person is blocked from behaving in a certain way when she is physically restrained from behaving in that way.

I.B.3.b. A person is threatened when he is told that he will be harmed unless he does or does not behave in a certain way.

I.B.4. People who believe they are controlled, or that another person is attempting to control them, experience the feeling of being controlled.

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Motives, Needs, Drives, and Incentives

Motive – Hypothetical state that activates behavior and propels one towards goals

Need – Physiological and psychological

Physiological needs – Oxygen, food, drink, etc.

Psychological needs – Achievement, power, self-esteem, etc.

Not necessarily based on a state of deprivation and may be acquired through experience

Drive – Arises from needs

Physiological drives are the psychological counterparts of physiological needs

Incentive – Something capable of being desirable or satisfying for its own sake

Theoretical Perspectives on Motivation

Instinct Theory – Behaviors are characteristic of a species and do not rely on learning

Instinct – Inherited disposition; activates certain behaviors to attain certain goals

Ethologist – Studies behavior patterns characteristic of certain species

Fixed-action Patterns (FAPs) – Response to stimuli known as releasers

Releaser – Stimulus that elicits a FAP

James and McDougall – Theorized that people have various instincts that foster self-survival and social behavior

Freud – Theorized that instincts of sex and aggression create psychic energy or a feeling of tension

Drive-Reduction Theory – Behaviors are reactions to drives; the main goal of action is to reduce tension

Hull – Theorized that rewards are pleasant because they reduce drives

Primary drives – Hunger, thirst, and pain; do not need to be learned

Trigger tension and activate behavior

We learn responses to partially or completely reduce the drive

Acquired drives – Acquired or learned through experience

Humanistic Theory – Behavior is motivated in part by the conscious desire for personal growth; people will tolerate pain, hunger, and other sources of tension to achieve personal fulfillment

Self-actualization – Self-initiated striving to become what one is capable of being

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Maslow theorized that people would travel up the Hierarchy through their lives so long as they did not encounter insurmountable social or environmental obstacles

Physiological needs – Hunger, thirst, warmth, elimination of fatigue and pain

Safety needs – Protection from the elements, crime, and financial hardship

Love and Belonging needs – Love, acceptance, intimate relationships, friends, social groups

Esteem needs – Achievement, prestige, status, competence, approval

Self-actualization – Fulfillment of one’s unique potential

RE:
what is stimulus;motive mean?