1. All of the following were reactions to the Black Death except

a. widespread masscres of Jews.

b. a new sense of unity among Christian Kingdoms

c. roving bands of men and women eho ritually whipped themselves

d. a desire for instant gratification and luxury.

2. Which of the following was a result of the Goldeb Bull in 1356?

a. increased political fragmentation in Germany

b. the increased power of church councils over the papcy

c. the union of Poland and Lithuania

d. higher wages for male urban workers

3. Which group led the Ciompi rebellion in Florence?

a. unemployed woolworkers

b. rural farm workers

c. women excluded from guilds

d. Christian mystics

4. The election of which pope ended the Great Schism in 1417?

a. Clement VII

b. Alexander V

c. John XXIII

d. Martin V