His family was Polish and his mother was visiting Mlec, Austria when William was born. The family emigrated to the USA in 1910 and settled in Chicago, William earning his doctorate from the university in 1931, under W.D. MacMillan. He taught at Pennsylvania State College before joining United States Naval Observatory in 1936, working under Paul Sollenberger and Gerald Clemence in the time service department.

Marrying Rosalyn Shulemson in 1943, Markowitz eventually became director of the department and developed ephemeris time, proposed by Simon Newcomb in the 19th century, as an international time standard. He subsequently worked with Louis Essen in England to calibrate the newly developed atomic clocks in terms of the ephemeris second. The fundamental frequency of caesium atomic clocks, 9,192,631,770 Hz, which they determined, has defined the second internationally since 1967. At the International Astronomical Union (IAU) meeting in Dublin in 1955 he proposed a system which remains today.

He served as President of the IAU commission on time from 1955 to 1961, and was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the American Geophysical Union, and the International Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Second.

After retirement in 1966, Markowitz served as professor of physics at Marquette University until 1972, and also held a post at Nova Southeastern University. He died in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1998.

Harrie Massey

Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey (16 May1908 – 27 November1983) was an influential Australian mathematical physicist. He worked primarily in the fields of atomic and atmospheric physics.

Life and career

Harrie Massey was born in St. Kilda, Melbourne, Australia. At the age of 16 he won a Senior Government Scholarship to the University of Melbourne. There he studied physics and chemistry and graduated with a first class honours BSc in 1927. He stayed on to study mathematics and was awarded another first class degree, a BA, in 1929. At that time, the university did not offer a PhD program but, clearly gifted, he took on an MSc with both experimental and theoretical components. The former dealt with soft X-ray deflection from metal surfaces and the latter with wave mechanics. His external examiner was Ralph Fowler from the University of Cambridge who was Paul Dirac’s PhD supervisor.

In 1929, with the benefit of another scholarship, Massey went to the University of Cambridge to perform research at the Cavendish Laboratory led by Ernest Rutherford. Fowler was appointed as Massey’s supervisor although it was clear that he did not need any supervision per se. Massey obtained his PhD on the The Collision of Material Particles in 1932. He co-authored a book on atomic collision processes with Nevill Mott shortly afterwards. He then became a lecturer at the Queen’s University of Belfast in 1933 and left to take up a chair in Mathematics at University College London five years later. This was to create a strong academic link between QUB and UCL which persists to this day.

During the Second World War he worked for the Admiralty Mining Establishment. He had a great influence on the future careers of nearly every scientist that worked there including David Bates, who was invited to join the staff at UCL, and Robert Boyd, who was offered a research assistant post. Francis Crick was introduced to Maurice Wilkins by Massey.

Massey was made head of the UCL Physics department in 1950 and remained its head after the department was merged with Astronomy in 1973. He retired in 1975.

He was the first chairman of the British National Committee for Space Research and helped found the European Space Research Organization as well as the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at UCL.

Honours & awards

* Royal Society Hughes medal 1955

* Knighted 1960

He has had a number of awards named after him;

* Royal Society/COSPAR Massey Award.

* Australian Institute of Physics Harrie Massey Medal and Prize.

His family was Polish and his mother was visiting Mlec, Austria when William was born. The family emigrated to the USA in 1910 and settled in Chicago, William earning his doctorate from the university in 1931, under W.D. MacMillan. He taught at Pennsylvania State College before joining United States Naval Observatory in 1936, working under Paul Sollenberger and Gerald Clemence in the time service department.

Marrying Rosalyn Shulemson in 1943, Markowitz eventually became director of the department and developed ephemeris time, proposed by Simon Newcomb in the 19th century, as an international time standard. He subsequently worked with Louis Essen in England to calibrate the newly developed atomic clocks in terms of the ephemeris second. The fundamental frequency of caesium atomic clocks, 9,192,631,770 Hz, which they determined, has defined the second internationally since 1967. At the International Astronomical Union (IAU) meeting in Dublin in 1955 he proposed a system which remains today.

He served as President of the IAU commission on time from 1955 to 1961, and was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the American Geophysical Union, and the International Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Second.

After retirement in 1966, Markowitz served as professor of physics at Marquette University until 1972, and also held a post at Nova Southeastern University. He died in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1998.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Markowitz”

Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey (16 May 1908 – 27 November 1983) was an influential Australian mathematical physicist. He worked primarily in the fields of atomic and atmospheric physics.

Life and career

Harrie Massey was born in St. Kilda, Melbourne, Australia. At the age of 16 he won a Senior Government Scholarship to the University of Melbourne. There he studied physics and chemistry and graduated with a first class honours BSc in 1927. He stayed on to study mathematics and was awarded another first class degree, a BA, in 1929. At that time, the university did not offer a PhD program but, clearly gifted, he took on an MSc with both experimental and theoretical components. The former dealt with soft X-ray deflection from metal surfaces and the latter with wave mechanics. His external examiner was Ralph Fowler from the University of Cambridge who was Paul Dirac’s PhD supervisor.

In 1929, with the benefit of another scholarship, Massey went to the University of Cambridge to perform research at the Cavendish Laboratory led by Ernest Rutherford. Fowler was appointed as Massey’s supervisor although it was clear that he did not need any supervision per se. Massey obtained his PhD on the The Collision of Material Particles in 1932. He co-authored a book on atomic collision processes with Nevill Mott shortly afterwards. He then became a lecturer at the Queen’s University of Belfast in 1933 and left to take up a chair in Mathematics at University College London five years later. This was to create a strong academic link between QUB and UCL which persists to this day.

During the Second World War he worked for the Admiralty Mining Establishment. He had a great influence on the future careers of nearly every scientist that worked there including David Bates, who was invited to join the staff at UCL, and Robert Boyd, who was offered a research assistant post. Francis Crick was introduced to Maurice Wilkins by Massey.

Massey was made head of the UCL Physics department in 1950 and remained its head after the department was merged with Astronomy in 1973. He retired in 1975.

He was the first chairman of the British National Committee for Space Research and helped found the European Space Research Organization as well as the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at UCL.

Honours & awards

Royal Society Hughes medal 1955

Knighted 1960

He has had a number of awards named after him;

Royal Society/COSPAR Massey Award. [1]

Australian Institute of Physics Harrie Massey Medal and Prize.

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